The piece most often selected for underpromotion is a knight , used to execute a checkmate or a fork to gain a significant net increase in material.
Underpromotion is also used in situations where promoting to a queen would give immediate stalemate. The choice of promotion is not limited to pieces that have been captured; thus a player could in theory have as many as ten knights, ten bishops, ten rooks or nine queens on the board simultaneously.
When the correct piece is not available, some substitute is used: The pawn structure , the configuration of pawns on the chessboard, mostly determines the strategic flavor of a game.
While other pieces can usually be moved to more favorable positions if they are temporarily badly placed, a poorly positioned pawn is limited in its movement and often cannot be so relocated.
Because pawns capture diagonally and can be blocked from moving straight forward, opposing pawns can become locked in diagonal pawn chains of two or more pawns of each color, where each player controls squares of one color.
In the diagram, Black and White have locked their d- and e-pawns. Here, White has a long-term space advantage. White will have an easier time than Black in finding good squares for his pieces, particularly with an eye to the kingside.
Black, in contrast, suffers from a bad bishop on c8, which is prevented by the black pawns from finding a good square or helping out on the kingside.
Black can undermine the white pawn chain with an immediate Pawns on adjacent files can support each other in attack and defense. A pawn which has no friendly pawns in adjacent files is an isolated pawn.
The square in front of an isolated pawn may become an enduring weakness. Any piece placed directly in front not only blocks the advance of that pawn, but cannot be driven away by other pawns.
In the diagram, Black has an isolated pawn on d5. If all the pieces except the kings and pawns were removed, the weakness of that pawn might prove fatal to Black in the endgame.
In the middlegame , however, Black has slightly more freedom of movement than White, and may be able to trade off the isolated pawn before an endgame ensues.
A pawn which cannot be blocked or captured by enemy pawns in its advance to promotion is a passed pawn. In the diagram, White has a protected passed pawn on c5 and Black has an outside passed pawn on h5.
In this vein, a pawn majority , a greater number of pawns belonging to one player on one side of the chessboard, is strategically important because it can often be converted into a passed pawn.
The diagrammed position might appear roughly equal, because each side has a king and three pawns, and the positions of the kings are about equal.
In truth, White wins this endgame on the strength of the protected passed pawn, regardless which player moves first. After a capture with a pawn, a player may end up with two pawns on the same file , called doubled pawns.
Doubled pawns are substantially weaker than pawns which are side by side, because they cannot defend each other, they usually cannot both be defended by adjacent pawns, and the front pawn blocks the advance of the back one.
In the diagram, Black is playing at a strategic disadvantage due to the doubled c-pawns. Pawns which are both doubled and isolated are typically a tangible weakness.
A single piece or pawn in front of doubled isolated pawns blocks both of them, and cannot be easily dislodged.
It is rare for a player to have three pawns in a file, i. In chess endgames with a bishop, a rook pawn may be the wrong rook pawn , depending on the square-color of the bishop.
This causes some positions to be draws that would otherwise be wins. The pawn has its origins in the oldest version of chess, chaturanga , and it is present in all other significant versions of the game as well.
In chaturanga, this piece moved directly forward, capturing to the sides one square diagonally forward to the left or right.
On the board, from left to right, those titles were: The most famous example of this is found in the second book ever printed in the English language, The Game and Playe of the Chesse.
Purportedly, this book, printed by William Caxton , [6] was viewed to be as much a political commentary on society as a chess book.
The rule for promotion has changed through history see History of the promotion rule. Although the name origin of most other chess pieces is obvious, the etymology of pawn is fairly obscure.
It is derived from the Old French word paon , which comes from the Medieval Latin term for "foot soldier" and is cognate with peon.
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